Driver

• Driver is a computer program that operates or controls particular type of device that is attached to your computer.
• A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices.

How to download a driver

• When ever you buy a product they will give a driver CD other wise you can download drivers from online.
• These are the 10 popular websites for download drivers:
1. DriverGuide.com
2. Download.com: Device Drivers
3. TechSpot: Drivers
4. DriversBay.com
5. Soft32.com: Drivers
6. DriverZone.com
7. Softpedia.com:Drivers
8. SoftwareDriverDownload.com
9. DriversKit.com
10. DriverFiles.net

• If you want download the printer drivers from online see below steps.

Step 1

• click on to above mentioned one of the website TechSpot: Drivers.

Step 2

• It will show different printers models and select your printer model.

Step 3

• Click on direct download.

Step 4

• Click on click here link your file will be downloaded.

Step 5

• Right click on your downloaded file and run and install.

Applications

• Printers.
• Video adapters.
• Network cards.
• Sound cards.
• Image scanners.
• Digital cameras.
• Low-bandwidth I/O buses of various sorts (for pointing devices such as mouse, keyboards, USB, etc.).

DPI

• DPI is a measurement of printer resolution indicating how many ink dots the printer can place in one square inch, the higher DPI the sharper image will get.
• Therefore, a printer that may have 72 DPI is a printer that can print 72 x 72 per square inch or 1,584 dots per inch. Dots Per Inch means number of dots in a printed inch.

PPI

• Short for Pixels Per Inch, PPI is the number of pixels per inch that makes a pixel image.
• Most commonly used to describe the pixel density of a screen (computer monitor, smart phone, etc…).
• The more pixels per inch the image contains, the higher quality of the image.

PPI vs DPI

Examples of DPI

• Below image shows the how to set the DPI before print.

Thermal printer

• Thermal printer is that uses heat pins to "burns" images onto heat-sensitive paper.
• It produces a very high quality color output. This printer is very expensive & requires an expensive special paper for printer.
• These printers are mostly used in ATMs and fax machines.
• Thermal printers are classified into two types: Direct thermal printers and Thermal transfer printers.

Direct thermal printers

• The direct thermal printer prints the image by burning dots onto coated paper as it passes over the heated printhead.
• Direct thermal printers do not use ribbons. Early fax machines used direct thermal printing.

• We can manufacture these labels in any size, color or design. Please let us know what the requirements and usages of your intended label are and we will work with you to create the perfect product.

Thermal transfer printers

• This type of printer uses a thermal transfer ribbon that contains wax-based ink.
• Heat is applied to the ribbon using a thermal printhead that melts the ink transferring it to the paper where it is permanent after it cools.
• If color is a priority for you, it would probably be best to go with a thermal transfer printer.

Advantages

• High resolution output.
• Energy efficient.
• Many options to select.

Disdvantages

• Thermal printers are expensive.
• Special paper required for high resolution output.
• Time consuming in case of graphics printing.

History

• Thermal printer invented by Jack Kilby in 1972.

Laser vs Inkjet

Laser printer

• Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process.
• It produces high-quality text and graphics (and moderate-quality photographs) by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a negatively charged cylinder called a "drum" to define a differentially charged image.

• There are two types of laser printers available: Basic document printer and Copier/Scanner/Printer (All-in-One).

Inkjet printer

• Inkjet printing is a type of computer printing that recreates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, other substrates.
• Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer.

• There are three types of laser printers available: Basic document printer, photo printer and Copier/Scanner/Printer (All-in-One).

Laser printer vs Inkjet printer

	Laser printer	Inkjet printer
Cost	High	Low
Quality	Excellent	Good
Speed/page	1-2 sec	5-10 sec
Maintenance cost	Low	High

CODECs for videos

• A codec is a device or software that is used to compress or decompress a digital media file, such as a video.
• The “codec” can be dividing into two parts: encode and decode.
• The encoder performs the compression (encoding) function and the decoder performs the decompression (decoding) function.
• Some codecs include both of these components and some codecs only include one of them.
• Some of the more important ones are H.264, DivX, WMV, Theora, and the VP9.

1. H.264

• H.264 is also known as MEPG-4 AVC. H.264 uses the latest innovations in video compression technology to provide consistently crisp and clear video for the best possible viewing.

Advantages

• H.264 delivers incredible video quality at data rates one-fourth to one-half the size of previous video formats.
• H.264 offers dramatically lower bit rates and better picture quality.
• It is 2X times more efficient than MPEG-4. and file size is 3X times smaller than comparable MPEG-2 Codecs.

Disadvantages

• H.264 requires longer encoding time.
• It is certainly not constricted and low-bandwidth friendly.
• Licensing agreements are complicated.

2. DivX

• DivX is a brand name of products created by DivX, Inc. The DivX codec uses lossy MPEG-4 Part 2 compression and it isfully MPEG-4-Advanced Simple Profile compliant; MPEG-4 ASP.

Advantages

• The Divx codec is quite simple to set up and use.
• It is popular due to its ability to compress lengthy video segments into small sizes while maintaining relatively high visual quality.

Disadvantages

• It’s a commercial codec, so in order to get all the options you have to pay money for it.

3. WMV

• WMV is a Windows codec. We specifically support WMV 8, which is confusingly the same as WMV2.

Advantages

• Smaller in file size. Compatible well with any Windows PC.

Disadvantages

• compatable issues other os.
• Needs plug-ins like Flip4Mac when playing WMV files on Mac; Video transmission has a delay.

4. Theora

• Theora is a free lossy video compression format. It is developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation and distributed without licensing fees alongside their other free and open media projects, including the Vorbis audio format and the Ogg container.

Advantages

• The video codec is fix in WME, you don't need to install any external codecs with your game.
• Theora codec is license free.
• Unlike AVI files, Theora videos can be stored inside WME packages. No need to store the video files separately.

Disadvantages

• The Theora codec is is not yet fully finished and optimized.
• Being still in development means it's not yet widely supported by many video editing programs. This is likely to change in the future, though, as it did with the Vorbis audio format.

5. VP9

• VP9 is an open and royalty free video coding format developed by Google.
• VP9 is a successor to VP8 and competes with MPEGs High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC/H.265). At first, VP9 was mainly used on Google's popular video platform YouTube.

Advantages

• It is open source.
• Faster loading videos and cheaper internet bills.

Disadvantages

• Mobile phone support for recording VP9 is a tougher sell because the codec must work harder to encode the video than to decode it.

Parity bit

• A parity bit, or check bit, is a bit added to a string of binary code that indicates whether the number of 1-bits in the string is even or odd.
• Parity bits are used as the simplest form of error detecting code.
• There are two variants of parity bits: even parity bit and odd parity bit.

Even parity bit

• In even parity bit, sending data consist must be even number of 1-bit count. In these case it will add parity bit zero other wise one.

7 bits of data	(count of 1-bits)	8 bits including parity
0000000	0	00000000
1010001	3	10100011
1101001	4	11010010
1111111	7	11111111

Odd parity bit

• In Odd parity bit, sending data consist must be odd number of 1-bit count. In these case it will add parity bit zero other wise one.

7 bits of data	(count of 1-bits)	8 bits including parity
0000000	0	00000001
1010001	3	10100010
1101001	4	11010011
1111111	7	11111110

Error detection

• The below table shows the successful transmission while sending data from A to B.

Type of bit parity	Successful transmission scenario
Even parity	A wants to transmit data: 1001 A computes parity bit value: 1+0+0+1 (mod 2) = 0 A adds parity bit and sends data: 10010 B receives data: 10010 B computes parity: 1+0+0+1+0 (mod 2) = 0 B reports correct transmission after observing expected even result.
Odd parity	A wants to transmit data: 1001 Acomputes parity bit value: 1+0+0+1 + 1 (mod 2) = 1 A adds parity bit and sends data: 10011 B receives data: 10011 B computes overall parity: 1+0+0+1+1 (mod 2) = 1 B reports correct transmission after observing expected odd result.

• The below table shows the failed transmission scenario while sending data from A to B.

Type of bit parity error	Failed transmission scenario
Even parity Error in the second bit	A wants to transmit data: 1001 A computes parity bit value: 1+0+0+1 = 0 A adds parity bit and sends data: 10010 ...TRANSMISSION ERROR... B receives data: 11010 B computes overall parity: 1+1+0+1+0 = 1 B reports incorrect transmission after observing unexpected odd result.
Even parity Error in the parity bit	A wants to transmit data: 1001 A computes even parity value: 1+0+0+1 = 0 A sends data: 10010 ...TRANSMISSION ERROR... B receives data: 10011 Bcomputes overall parity: 1+0+0+1+1 = 1 B reports incorrect transmission after observing unexpected odd result.

History

• A "parity track" was present on the first magnetic tape data storage in 1951.
• Parity in this form, applied across multiple parallel signals, is known as a transverse redundancy check.
• This can be combined with parity computed over multiple bits sent on a single signal, a longitudinal redundancy check.

Compression losses

• Compression will be divided into two types Lossless Compression and Lossy Compression.

Lossless Compression

• If the decompressed data (quality) is equal to original data is called Lossless Compression.

Lossless Compression losses

• In these compression no quality will be loss but unnecessary data will be loss.

Lossy Compression

• If the decompressed data (quality) is not equal to original data is called Lossy Compression.

Lossy Compression losses

• Quality degrades with higher ratio of compression.
• Can't get original data back after compression.

Legibility

• Legibility is the ease with which a reader can recognize individual characters in text.
• Legibility should be examined when selecting type and creating layouts for publication such as books, magazines, brochures, etc. or wherever text must be clear.

Text Type

• Legibility is the job of text type. To make text type more legible.
• Use regular or normal weight fonts. Bold and light fonts will be harder to read.
• Font size and column width are ideal size and measure is somewhere between 13px–15px font size and 50–65 characters per line.
• Make type decisions invisible don’t try to draw attention to text type as the reader should be reading and not thinking about your type decisions. The below figures shows the legibility of text.

• The below figure shows the less legibility in text.

Readability

• Readability is the ease with which a reader can recognize words, sentences, and paragraphs. Legibility is a component of readability.

Display Type

• Readability is generally the job of display type. Display type includes:
• Headings.
• Subheadings.
• Captions.
• Breakouts/pull quotes.
• Decks—a line or two of text below and expanding on the main heading.
• Understanding the reader’s self-interest—use display type to make the value of your main body of text clear to the reader.
• Keeping small display type short and brief—don’t make captions, decks, etc. several paragraphs long. It’s difficult to read smaller sized text and that text will be skipped unless it’s relatively brief.
• The below figure shows good readability in a web page.

Compression

• The process of reducing the volume of data by applying compression technique is called Compression.
• The reduced data is called compressed data.

Decompression

• The reverse process of reducing the original data from compressed data is called Decompression.
• The resulting data is called decompressed data.

Compression types

• Compression divided into two types lossy and lossless see below figure.

Compression Utilities

• There are normally used compression utilities Win RAR and Winzip.

WinRAR

• WinRAR is a trialware file archiver utility for Windows. It can create archives in RAR or ZIP file formats, and unpack numerous archive file formats. Itsupports lossless data compression.
• Below figure shows the how to compress the a folder using WinRAR software.

• Below figure shows the how to decompress the a folder using WinRAR software.

Winzip

• ZIP is an archive file format that supports lossless data compression. A .zip file may contain one or more files or directories that may have been compressed.
• The .zip file format permits a number of compression algorithms, though DEFLATE is the most common. Zip files are compressed to save space.
• Below figure shows the how to compress the a folder using Winzip software.

• Below figure shows the how to decompress the a folder using Winzip software.

Advantages of Compression

• Reduce file size.
• Provide security.
• Save disk space.
• Increase transfer speed at a given data rate.
• Allow real-time transfer at a given data rate.

Disadvantages of Compression

• Lose the the data.
• Lose the quality.
• Some times we can forgot the password we lose the data.

CODECs for images

• The Image codecs is a method of compression/decompression of image files or image data. The codecs stands for Encoders / Decoders.
• The various software image codecs are JPEG (JPG), GIF, PNG, BMP.The below figure shows the Encoding/Decoding concept.
• These various Image codecs are technically differentiated from each other based on various factors which includes compression technology / algorithm, platform supported, sampling, OS supported etc. Codecs divided into two types Lossy and Lossless.

Lossy codecs

• Lossy image codecs are JPEG and GIF when you performing on encoding and decoding on images we lose some quality of images.

1. JPEG (JPG)

Encoding/Compressing

Decoding/Decompressing

Advanatges

• JPEG codec has low complexity. Picture quality is generally good enough.
• This is also memory efficient. i.e. good compression allows to reduce the file size.
• It works very well for “slide-show” movies that have a very low frame rate.
• Also it has reasonable coding efficiency.

Disadvanatges

• Single Resolution & Single Quality.
• No target bit rate.
• Blocking artifacts at low bit rate.
• No lossless capability.
• Poor error resilience.
• No tiling & No regions of interest.

2. GIF

Encoding/Compressing

Decoding/Decompressing

Advanatges

• This codecs allows you to create transparent, interlaced, and animated graphics for the Web.
• Compresses by scanning horizontally across a row of pixels and finding solid areas of color.
• Indexes the pixels based on the 256 color palette in the file. No image information is lost.
• The only graphic file format (codec) that is universally supported by all graphical browsers, regardless of version.
• Most popular and versatile format for distributing color image on the Web.

Disadvanatges

• This codec is not good for photographic images due to its limited number of colors generally 256 colors.

Codecs for Lossless

• Lossless codecs are PNG, BMP these are does not lose the data and quality when you are compressed.

1. PNG

Encoding/Compressing

Decoding/Decompressing

Advanatges

• A better compression than GIF codec, which only scans rows. The compression is ‘lossless’, you do not lose color information as you compress the file smaller. Typically compresses images 5-25% better than GIF.
• It is a best one for creating complex live transparency, high-color graphics, and better compressed low-color graphics.
• Designed to be network-friendly, so it is recognized and supported on all platforms.

Disadvanatges

• It doesn’t support animation.
• It does not use predictive frames.
• It has lower quality than PICT or TIFF.

2. BMP

Encoding/Compressing

Decoding/Decompressing

Advanatges

• Good photo quality.
• Bitmap files (BMP) may be easily created from existing pixel data stored in an array in memory. Pixel values may be modified individually or as large groups by altering a palette if present.
• Bitmap codecs may translate well to dot-format output devices such as CRTs and printers.

Disadvanatges

• Bmp codecs are Limited to RGB-images.
• These codecs generally does not support effective image compression. They can be very large, particularly if the image contains a large number of colors.
• It’s also not supported well across multiple platforms.
• Shrinking this image codecs by decimation (throwing away pixels) can change the image in an unacceptable manner.